Validation of the mixed multifactor scale of educational engagement (MMSEE)

  1. Colás-Bravo, Pilar 1
  2. Reyes-de-Cózar, Salvador 2
  3. Conde-Jiménez, Jesús 1
  1. 1 University of Seville, Seville (Spain)
  2. 2 Loyola University Andalusia, Seville (Spain)
Journal:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728 1695-2294

Year of publication: 2021

Volume: 37

Issue: 2

Pages: 287-297

Type: Article

DOI: 10.6018/ANALESPS.338741 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDIGITUM editor

More publications in: Anales de psicología

Abstract

Today, educational engagement is considered one of the most important factors in predicting good student learning and educational success. However, most of the instruments described do not include all the key factors linked to academic engagement: motivations, values, learning contexts, emotional state and management strategies. The aim of this study is to develop a scale to assess the level of educational engagement in Higher Education students (MMSEE) that overcomes this limitation. Methods: Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses, as well as a study of internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, were carried out on a sample of 764 students from the University of Seville (Spain), belonging to all areas of knowledge and different degree courses. Results: A multifactorial structure of educational engagement with five factors that explain a variance close to 65.78%, with an excellent internal consistency (α = .91) and with significant indicators of convergent and discriminant validity is explored and confirmed with a very good level of adjustment. Conclusions: It is concluded that MMSEE is a valid and reliable instrument to measure the level of engagement of classrooms, as well as to improve the understanding of the construct through its factors.

Bibliographic References

  • Al-Alwan, A. (2014). Modeling the relations among parental involvement, school engagement and academic performance of high school students. International Education Studies, 7(4), 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n4p47
  • Allodi, M. (2010). The meaning of social climate of learning environments: Some reasons why we do not care enough about it. Learning Environments Research, 13(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-010-9072-9
  • Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
  • Beymer, P. N., Rosenberg, J. M., Schmidt, J. A., & Naftzger, N. J. (2018). Examining Relationships among Choice, Affect, and Engagement in Summer STEM Programs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0814-9
  • Bilge, F., Dost, M., & Cetin, B. (2014). Factors Affecting Burnout and School Engagement among High School Students: Study Habits, Self-Efficacy Beliefs, and Academic Success. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(5), 1721-1727. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.5.1727
  • Brickman, S., Alfaro, E., Weimer, A., & Watt, K. (2013). Academic Engagement: Hispanic Developmental and Non developmental Education Students. Journal of Developmental Education, 37(2), 14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24613986
  • Brown, T. (2006). CFA with equality constraints, multiple groups, and mean structures. In T. Brown (Ed.), Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (pp. 236-319). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
  • Caballero, D., Cecilia, C., Abello, L, & Palacio, S. (2007). Relación del burnout y el rendimiento académico con la satisfacción frente a los estudios en estudiantes universitarios. Avances en psicología latinoamericana, 25(2), 98-111. http://www.redalyc.org/comocitar.oa?id=79925207
  • Chapman, E. (2003). Alternatives approaches to assessing Student Engagement Rates. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 8(13). https://goo.gl/jPqtTK
  • Chin, W. (2004). PLS-Graph. Version 3.00. build 1060. Texas, USA: University of Houston.
  • Churchill, G. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research, 16(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150876
  • Doctoroff, G. L., & Arnold, D. H. (2017). Doing homework together: The relation between parenting strategies, child engagement, and achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 48, 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.01.001
  • Eccles, J. (2008). Can middle school reform increase high school graduation rates? Santa Barbara, Estados Unidos: Univerity of California. http://cdrpsb.org/researchreport12.pdf
  • Extremera, N., Durán, M., & Rey, L. (2007). Inteligencia emocional y su relación con los niveles de burnout, engagement y estrés en estudiantes universitarios. Revista de educación, 342(1), 239-256. https://goo.gl/UZGCAf
  • Fall, A., & Roberts, G. (2012). High school dropouts: Interactions between social context, self perceptions, school engagement, and student dropout. Journal of Adolescence, 35(4), 787-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.11.004
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, pp. 39-50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3151312
  • Gazelle, H. (2006). Class climate moderates peer relations and emotional adjustment in children with an early history of anxious solitude: A child environment model. Developmental psychology, 42(6), 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1179
  • Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information systems, 16(1), 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1111.4324
  • Gilbert, P. (2007). Evolved minds and compassion in the therapeutic relationship. En P. Gilbert y R. Leahy (Eds.), The Therapeutic Relationship in the Cognitive-Behavioural Psychotherapies (pp. 106–142). Londres, Inglaterra: Routledge.
  • González, A., & Verónica, P. (2014). Engagement and Performance in Physics: The Role of Class Instructional Strategies, and Student’s Personal and Situational Interest. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 20(1), 25-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/RevPsicodidact.11370
  • Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey, NJ: Upper Saddle River
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson R. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis. In J. Hair, W. Black, B. Babin & R. Anderson (Eds.), Multivariate Data Analysis (pp.89-150). Essex, England: Pearson Education Ltd.
  • Hamre, B., & Pianta, R. (2005). Can instructional and emotional support in the first‐grade classroom make a difference for children at risk of school failure? Child development, 76(5), 949-967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00889.x
  • Harris, A. (2008). Leading Innovation and Change: knowledge creation by schools for schools. European Journal of Education, 43(2), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3435.2008.00343.x
  • Hirschfield, P., & Gasper, J. (2011). The relationship between school engagement and delinquency in late childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 40, 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9579-5
  • Hoyle, R. (1995). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. London: Sage.
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kasser, T. (2002). The high price of materialism. Londres, Inglaterra: MIT Press.
  • Kimbark, K., Peters, M. L., & Richardson, T. (2017). Effectiveness of the student success course on persistence, retention, academic achievement, and student engagement. Community College Journal of
  • Research and Practice, 41(2), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2016.1166352
  • Ladd, G., & Dinella, L. (2009). Continuity and change in early school engagement: Predictive of children's achievement trajectories from first to eighth grade? Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(1), 190-206. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013153
  • Lekes, N., Hope, N. H., Gouveia, L., Koestner, R., & Philippe, F. L. (2012). Influencing value priorities and increasing well-being: The effects of reflecting on intrinsic values. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.677468
  • Liu, R. D., Zhen, R., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Jiang, R., & Xu, L. (2018). Teacher support and math engagement: roles of academic self-efficacy and positive emotions. Educational Psychology, 38(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2017.1359238
  • López, L., & Moreno, J. (2013). Los procesos de coaching como potenciadores del engagement. Tourism & Management Studies, (2), 536-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2015.03.002
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P.J. (2013). FACTOR 9.2 A Comprehensive Program for Fitting Exploratory and Semiconfirmatory Factor Analysis and IRT Models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37(6), 497-498. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146621613487794
  • Martínez, I., & Salanova, M. (2003). Niveles de burnout y engagement en estudiantes universitarios: relación con el desempeño y desarrollo profesional. Revista de Educación, 330(1), 361-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.17.2.268831
  • Marzano, R., & Pickering, D. (2011). The Highly Engaged Classroom. Bloomington, Estados Unidos: Marzano Research Laboratory.
  • Meyer, E. (2010). Gender and sexual diversity in schools (Vol. 10). Berlín, Alemania: Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8559-7
  • Mitra, D., & Serriere, S. (2012). Student Voice in Elementary School Reform Examining Youth Development in Fifth Graders. American Educational Research Journal, 49(4), 743-774. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0002831212443079
  • Nunnally, J. (1967). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • O'Brien, P., & Lai, M. (2011). Student Voice: How can it help us to understand students' experiences of school? Wellington, New Zealand: Assessment Symposium, Rutherford House.
  • Parsons, J., & Taylor, L. (2011). Improving student engagement. Current issues in education, 14(1). https://cie.asu.edu/ojs/index.php/cieatasu/article/view/745
  • Reeve, J., Jang, H., Carrell, D., Jeon, S., & Barch, J. (2004). Enhancing students' engagement by increasing teachers' autonomy support. Motivation and emotion, 28(2), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MOEM.0000032312.95499.6f
  • Reyes, S. (2016). Fortalecer la implicación y el compromiso de los estudiantes con la universidad. Una visión multidimensional del engagement. Tesis Doctoral. Sevilla, España: Universidad de Sevilla. https://idus.us.es/xmlui/handle/11441/52285
  • Robinson, C., & Hullinger, H. (2008). New benchmarks in higher education: Student engagement in online learning. Journal of Education for Business, 84(2), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEB.84.2.101-109
  • Rumberger, R. (2011). High school dropouts in the United States. En S. Lamb, E. Markussen, R. Teese, J. Polesel & N. Sandberg (Eds.), School dropout and completion (pp. 275–294). Berlín, Alemania: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9763-7
  • Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
  • Saeed, S., & Zyngier, D. (2012). How motivation influences student engagement: A qualitative case study. Journal of Education and Learning, 1(2), 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v1n2p252
  • Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. (2009). El engagement en el trabajo: cuando el trabajo se convierte en pasión. España: Alianza Editorial. https://goo.gl/6qudE1
  • Salanova, M., Bakker, A. & Llorens, S. (2006). Flow at Work: Evidence for a Gain Spiral of Personal and Organizational Resources. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-8854-8
  • Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1996). Engaging students in a knowledge society. Educational leadership, 54(3), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.07.003
  • Schaufeli W., & Bakker A. (2003). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) Preliminary Manual. Utrecht, Países Bajos: Occupational Health Psychology Unit, University, ND. https://goo.gl/nqu9zE
  • Schmidt, J., Kackar-Cam, H., Strati, A., & Shumow, L. (2015). The Role of Challenge in Students' Engagement and Competence in High School Science Classrooms: Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Whites Compared. NCSSS Journal, 20(1), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027826
  • Serrano, C., & Andreu, Y. (2016). Perceived emotional intelligence, subjective well-being, perceived stress, engagement and academic achievement of adolescents. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1387/RevPsicodidact.14887
  • Shernoff, D. (2012). Engagement and positive youth development: Creating optimal learning environments. En J. Royer (Ed.), Individual differences and cultural and contextual factors. APA handbooks in psychology (pp. 195-220). Washington, Estados Unidos: American Psychological Associaton. http://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4311503.aspx?tab=2
  • Shernoff, D., Tonks, S., & Anderson, B. G. (2014). The impact of the learning environment on student engagement in high school classrooms. Engaging youth in schools: Evidence-based models to guide future innovations. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: NSSE Yearbooks by Teachers College Record.
  • Suttle, C. (2010). Engagement in online courses (Tesis Doctoral). Capella University, Estados Unidos.
  • Vickers, M., Finger, L., Barker, K., & Bodkin-Andrews, G. (2014). Measuring the Impact of Students' Social Relations and Values: Validation of the Social-Relational Support for Education Instrument. Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, 14, 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82
  • Wang, M., & Holcombe, R. (2010). Adolescent’s perceptions of school environment, engagement, and academic achievement in middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 47, 633-662. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831209361209
  • Wang, M., Willett, J., & Eccles, J. (2011). The assessment of school engagement: Examining dimensionality and measurement invariance by gender and race/ethnicity. Journal of School Psychology, 49(4), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2011.04.001
  • Williams, K., & Williams, C. (2011). Five key ingredients for improving student motivation. Research in Higher Education Journal, (12), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-3-5-19
  • Willms, J., Friesen, S., & Milton, P. (2009). Executive summary. What did you do in school today? Transforming classrooms through social, academic, and intellectual engagement. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Education Associaton. https://goo.gl/oriNhy
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Yates, A., Brindley-Richards, W., & Thistoll, T. (2014). Student engagement in distance-based vocational education. Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning, 18(2), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320500074915
  • Yazzie-Mintz, E. (2010). Charting the path from engagement to achievement: A report on the 2009 High School Survey of Student Engagement. Bloomington, Estados Unidos: High School Survey of Student Engagement. http://hub.mspnet.org/index.cfm/20806
  • Zhang, J., Scardamalia, M., Reeve, R., & Messina, R. (2009). Designs for collective cognitive responsibility in knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 18(1), 7-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-004-2518-7
  • Zyngier, D. (2011). (Re)conceptualising risk: left numb and unengaged and lost in a no-man’s-land or what (seems to) work for at-risk students. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 15(2), 211-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110902781427